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[7] That autumn, further heavy rain added to the problem and some rivers did not return to their normal courses until November. When floodwater coursed into the Middle Yangzi city of Wuhan, an estimated 400,000 people were left homeless. The Huai River runs west to east across central China, passing through Henan and Anhui provinces. [21], Thomas Harnsberger, a missionary of the Presbyterian Church in Taizhou, Jiangsu, was one of the two central figures (alongside General Wang Shuxiang,[22] a PhD in hydraulics) who supervised the rebuilding of the dikes at Lake Gaoyou, as well as securing the funds for it. The Variation of Floods in the Middle Reaches of the Yangtze River and its teleconnection with El Nio events. Advances in Geosciences, February 2006: 201-205. [33] Measles spread through one camp infecting 1,491 in December 1931 alone, resulting in 682 deaths, mainly amongst children. the world s most catastrophic floods in photos history. 00:00 00:00. Geographic Scope: 181,500 km2. Found inside Page 219The damage and affected areas are less than those of eastern China, where flooding is a result of storms. Hankou city was submerged in 1931 and again in 1935; the affected population reached 20 000 000 and more than 100 000 people Historians are still not entirely sure what caused one of Britains worst natural disasters. This name, however, fails to capture the massive scale of flooding. "The Socialist Three Gorges Dam project should excel other major projects in Chinese history such as Qin Shi Huang's Great Wall and Sui Yang Di's Grand Canal", he stated. This is based the figure published in the first few pages of The Report of the National Flood Relief Commission, 1931-1932. The super-elevation of its channel bed has contributed to the width of the levee Climate Changes and Flood/Drought Risk in the Yangtze Delta, China, During the Past Millennium. Quaternary International 176-177 (2008): 62-69. The two main rivers that flooded were Although the widespread decline in food availability played a major role in the ensuing subsistence crisis, socioeconomic factors were also important. Will, Pierre-tienne. [10] Impoverished communities living in substandard housing were disproportionately vulnerable to these immediate disaster risks. [23] For Chinese politicians the 1931 flood represented an opportunity to reassert national control over the relief infrastructure, and also to display the modern scientific approach to disaster response that would be adopted by the nascent Guomindang regime. [37] Given the overwhelming importance of rehabilitating the dyke network, the deleterious economic consequences of the relief loan might seem justifiable. [36] John Hope Simpson, Hope Simpson to F.B. Tu Wangchang. Eventually the region descended into hydraulic crisis, with low-level water control problems being punctuated by catastrophic flood disasters. Flood Control . This meant that large cities offered little respite for refugees displaced from rural areas. They are a step forward against a ticking clock, as climate change exposes China to more severe and frequent droughts and floods. Based on estimations of costs of estimations, it appears that investing in adaptation now would save money in the long term. This book shows the different aspects of climate adaptation. Even the famous aviators Charles and Anne Lindbergh became involved, as they were commissioned to conduct an aerial survey of the flood zone. Chinas worst known floods were in 1931, when more than 2 million people were killed. Ding Ling. [21] In total, flood related diseases caused 70% of reported fatalities amongst rural families, and 87% of deaths in refugee camps. Floods Among natural disaster, floods cause more damage and deaths. The river is huge. 13. The most expensive natural disaster is the 2011 Thoku earthquake and tsunami, costing an estimated $360 billion. Wuhan: Hubei Provincial Archives, 1999. Shanghai: Shangwu Yinshuguan, 1937. Wuhan Longwang Miao de bianqian (The Transformation of Wuhans Dragin King Temple) Hubei wenshi 3 (2003). [37] Pietz, Engineering the State, pp. 1 (June 2006): 66-108. The 1931 Central China floods or the Central China floods of 1931 are a series of floods that occurred during the Nanjing decade in the Republic of China era. Princeton: Princeton University Press, 2012. Having landed the relief grain, the NFRC then had to transport it upstream through hostile territory, where bandits and Communists attacked boats, commandeered supplies, and kidnapped relief workers. Such catastrophic disasters have earned the Yellow River its nickname, Chinas Sorrow. Humans have made extraordinary efforts to reduce flood damages. [20]:269270 Large numbers gathered on flood islands throughout the city, with 30,000 sheltering on a railway embankment in central Hankou. Wuhan: Hubei renmin chubanshe, 1996. Discounting famines and pandemics, the 1931 central China floods are generally considered the deadliest natural disaster of the 20th century. [9] John Lossing Buck eds. On the Relation between the Great Flood of 1931, The Drought of 1934 and the Centres of Action in the Far East. Guoli Zhongyang yanjiu yuan qixiang yanjiu suo jikan 10 (1937). Across the disaster zone an estimated 40% of the affected population were forced to leave their homes. His forthcoming monograph provides an environmental and social history of the disaster. The occurrence of heavy rains has risen by about 3.8% per decade since 1931, according to Chinas Blue Book on Climate Change (2019). Bourdillon February 23rd 1932 John Hope Simpson Papers, Folder 6 (i), Balliol College Archives, Oxford; North China Herald, Wuhan Cities Faced With Famine Conditions August 25th 1931. Others employed more desperate strategies, begging, stealing, and engaging in prostitution. Lipkin, Zwia. Like in New Orleans with Hurricane Katrina, it was the levee breaks, not the typhoon that did the damage. The highest proportion could be found in South Anhui, where 61% of the population were displaced by floodwater. The survey concluded that approximately 150,000 people had drowned in the first one hundred days of the flood, suggesting that this number represented less than a quarter of all fatalities. The flood caused the value of labour, land, and draft animals to plummet at the same time that the price of grain increased rapidly. [28], In the aftermath of the flood the NFRC was heralded as a triumph of organisation over adversity. Stanford: Stanford University Press, 2005. Although in most areas floodwater had receded by the winter, the problems of waterlogging, infrastructure damage, and refugee displacement continued well into the next spring. by Stuart R. Schram (Hong Kong: Chinese University press, 1985). Whilst famine and malnutrition blighted the lives of flood-stricken communities, disease was by far the deadliest hazard. The 1931 China flood is known as one of the world's deadliest disasters. In Wuhan the local military were convinced that the refugee population were harbouring Communists. Xinminbao A field survey by the University of Nanking led by John Lossing Buck immediately after the flood found "150,000 people had drowned, and that this number represented less than a quarter of all fatalities during the first 100 days of the flood. Damage from wide-spread flooding in China may have cost hundreds of millions This book is a printed edition of the Special Issue "Coastal Hazards Related to Storm Surge" that was published in JMSE 2 Yellow River China 1887 900,000 - 2,000,000 River flood. Historians such as Zhang Bo and Kong Xiangcheng have focussed upon the role that local and national governments played in the relief effort. During this period, revenue intended for the construction and maintenance of the dykes was often embezzled or redirected for military spending. Ouyang Tieguang, Zaihuang yu nongmin de shengcun weijiyi 20 shiji 30 niandai qianqi changjiang zhong xiayou diqu wei zhongxin (Famine and Peasant Crisis Survival The Middle Yangzi Region in the 1930s), 7 (2006). Floods of large scale can cause significant property damage and deaths. Throughout the whole Yangtze Valley around 15% of the wheat and rice crops were destroyed, with the proportion being much higher in the flood-affected areas. The floods inundated approximately 180,000 square kilometres (69,000sqmi) an area equivalent in size to England and half of Scotland, or the states of New York, New Jersey, and Connecticut combined. Rivers throughout the country rose onto their plains, inundating an area the size of England and half of Scotland combined. The 1931 Central China floods were a series of floods that occurred in the Republic of China. [22] As such, they accounted for by far the largest proportion of the estimated 2 million flood-related fatalities. I was in one of the tallest and strongest buildings left standing. It China Floods, China 1931 The 1931 China floods or the Central China Floods are considered the most devastating among all other disasters in the world. Wuhan tongshi: Minguo juan (xia) (A Comprehensive History of Wuhan: The Republican Period (Part Two) (Wuhan: Wuhan Chubanshe, 2006). Some primary effects would include damage to structures bridges, buildings, Authorities have sought to mitigate the damage through the use of dams, particularly the massive Three Gorges structure on the Yangtze. Haigang jianyi guanli chu baogao shu (Report of the Maritime Quarantine Office). [2] On the effect of climate on flooding see Zhang Qiang, Marco Gemmer and Chen Jiaqi , Climate Changes and Flood/Drought Risk in the Yangtze Delta, China, During the Past Millennium, Quaternary International 176-177 (2008): pp. By Ned Kelly, August 25, 2021. Conditions such as dysentery, typhoid, and cholera, were disseminated directly through contaminated water or through insect vectors. Vol. [8] However, due to a lack of funding and the chaos of the Second Sino-Japanese War and the subsequent Chinese Civil War, the various commissions were only able to construct small dams along the Yangtze River. Analysis of Historical Floods on the Yangtze River, China: Characteristics and Explanations. Geomorphology 13 (2009): 210216. Une cycle hydraulique en Chine: La province du Hubei du xvle au xixe sicles (A hydraulic cycle in China: The province of Hubei from the sixteenth through nineteenth centuries). Bulletin de lcole Franaise dExtreme Orient 68 (1980): 261288. More than Flood-related famine and epidemic diseases lasted until at least the summer of 1932, whilst those infected with endemic diseases continued to suffer the effects of the flood years after the disaster had abated. Guilds, benevolent societies, and religious institutions fed and sheltered huge populations of refugees, as they had during disasters throughout the late imperial period. Xie Qianmao. The Shanghai-based Christian periodical The Chinese Recorder offers particular insight into the involvement of missionaries in the relief effort. Shenghuo In the aftermath of the flood, they sold these assets back to their original owners at highly inflated prices. Minguo shiqi ziranzaihai yu xiangcun shehui (Natural Disasters and Rural Society in Republican China). [24] Lillian M. Li, Fighting Famine in North China: State, Market, and Environmental Decline, 1690s-1990s (Stanford: Stanford University Press, 2007), p.306. Stanford: Stanford University Press, 2007. Widespread population displacement and the destruction of sanitation systems provided perfect conditions for a number of pathogenic microbes. It is impossible to provide an accurate estimate for the To learn more about the 1931 China floods, listen to today's episode of "This Day In Weather History." Song Jie. Wu Changzhe and Wu Liande. David Pietzs Engineering the State provides one of the most detailed analyses, including a chapter on the flood in his study of the Huai River Conservancy. : Harvard University Press, 1965). Found inside Page 29Exhibit 2.2: A Serious Flood in China in 1931 The 1931 China flood is considered to be the worst natural disaster in Transportation networks may be damaged, communication networks may not function and power outages may happen for
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