During World War II the movie-making business in Los Angeles continued but was changed by the fact that the nation was at war. The second world war may have ceased hostilities on 2 September 1945, with the formal surrender of Japan in a ceremony on the USS Missouri, but the film world has never stopped fighting. Conservatives told HUAC that Hollywood was littered with "Commies." The role played by the movie industry will be part of a new exhibition scheduled to open in 2018 that will showcase the nation's cultural history.When the The hearings encouraged Hollywood to produce musicals, biblical epics, and other politically neutral films. History TOPIC ID 127. Although the studios continued to produce traditional genre films, such as westerns and musicals, their financial difficulties encouraged them to make realistic small-scale dramas rather than fantastic lavish epics. On top of dealing with the severe physical and monetary losses of the war, Stalin's regime tightened social control and censorship in order to manage the effects recent exposure to the West had on the people. More than 100 witnesses, including many of Hollywood’s most talented and popular artists, were called before the committee to answer questions about their own and their associates’ alleged communist affiliations. During the U.S. involvement in World War II, the Hollywood film industry cooperated closely with the government to support its war-aims information campaign. Finally, the advent of network television broadcasting in the 1940s provided Hollywood with its first real competition for American leisure time by offering consumers “movies in the home.”. Walt Disney even recounted attempts to have Mickey Mouse follow the party line. Those who refused to divulge their political affiliations were tried for contempt of Congress, sent to prison for a year, and blacklisted. The aftermath of World War II was the beginning of a new era for all countries involved, defined by the decline of all European colonial empires and simultaneous rise of two superpowers: the Soviet Union (USSR) and the United States (USA). If these films were bad civic lessons, they did have an impact. HUAC even announced that the Boy Scouts were Communist infiltrated. It developed within a protected market freed of competition from abroad. In addition to separating theater and producer- distributor companies, the court also outlawed block booking, the fixing of admissions prices, unfair runs and clearances, and discriminatory pricing and purchasing arrangements. Then, too, especially after 1950, television challenged and surpassed the movies as America's most popular entertainment form. Rationing, blackouts, and other wartime restrictions meant that filmmakers had to cut back on location shooting, set construction, and materials for costumes. Dalton Trumbo (fourth from left) surrounded by supporters as he waits to board an airplane on his way to federal prison in 1950 for refusing to testify before the House Un-American Activities Committee. Some of the American cinema’s grimmest and most naturalistic films were produced during this period, including those of the so-called social consciousness cycle, which attempted to deal realistically with such endemic problems as racism (Elia Kazan’s Gentleman’s Agreement, 1947; Alfred Werker’s Lost Boundaries, 1949), alcoholism (Stuart Heisler’s Smash-Up, 1947), and mental illness (Anatole Litvak’s The Snake Pit, 1948); the semidocumentary melodrama, which reconstructed true criminal cases and was often shot on location (Kazan’s Boomerang, 1947; Henry Hathaway’s Kiss of Death, 1947); and the film noir, whose dark, fatalistic interpretations of contemporary American reality are unique in the industry’s history (Tay Garnett’s The Postman Always Rings Twice, 1946; Orson Welles’s The Lady from Shanghai, 1947; Jacques Tourneur’s Out of the Past, 1947; Abraham Polonsky’s Force of Evil, 1948). Characters in the film commonly used offensive language. Although it didn't find the party line preached in the movies, it did call a group of radical screenwriters and producers into its sessions to testify. Among the best-known of these films, which were designed to explain the war to both servicemen and civilians, are Frank Capra’s seven-part series Why We Fight (1942–44), John Ford’s The Battle of Midway (1942), William Wyler’s The Memphis Belle (1944), and John Huston’s The Battle of San Pietro (1944). On November 24, 1947, a group of eight screenwriters and two directors, later known as the Hollywood Ten, were sentenced to serve up to a year in prison for refusing to testify. Despite its glimpses of a brothel and a boy urinating, this Italian film's neo-realist portrait of a poor man's search for his stolen bicycle received strong editorial support from newspapers and was shown in many theaters. Because of this, the Postwar German film may seem trite, but psychologist Gerhard Bliersbach explains how it helped Germany move on from the guilt of World War II. In 1940, there were just 3,785 TV sets in the United States. In addition, the court decreed that filmmakers could challenge censors' findings in court. With the decline in foreign markets, movie making became a much riskier business. The last three were shot on location and were made especially effective by their immediacy. Hollywood had depended on overseas markets for as much as 40 percent of its revenue. In 1952, the Supreme Court reversed a 1915 decision and extended First Amendment protections of free speech to the movies. EUROPEAN CINEMA BEFORE AND AFTER WORLD WAR II. It was used to entertain, lift spirits, motivate and inform the audience. Cinemas provided f… The euphoria ended quickly, however, as inflation and labour unrest boosted domestic production costs and as important foreign markets, including Britain and Italy, were temporarily lost to protectionist quotas. Initially unsophisticated vehicles for xenophobia and jingoism with titles such as The Devil with Hitler and Blondie for Victory (both 1942), Hollywood’s wartime films became increasingly serious as the war dragged on (Fritz Lang’s Hangmen Also Die, Jean Renoir’s This Land Is Mine, Tay Garnett’s Bataan, all 1943; Delmer Daves’s Destination Tokyo, Alfred Hitchcock’s Lifeboat, Lewis Milestone’s The Purple Heart, all 1944; Milestone’s A Walk in the Sun, 1946). Governments used film to influence the public to support the war effort in their everyday lives and to justify their actions. Over 2 million of the 15 million civilians who moved across the state lines during the war, went to California to be employed in the defense industries. In 1919 Chaplin, D.W. Griffith, Mary Pickford, and Douglas Fairbanks, the four most popular and powerful film artists of the time, jointly formed the United Artists Corporation in order to produce and distribute—and thereby retain artistic and financial control over—their own films. The HUAC hearings and blacklistings discouraged Hollywood from producing politically controversial films. Other manifestations of a Marxist cinema in Europe include the work of the Spanish director Luis Buñuel (1900–1983). Download PDF (2 MB) Show more info . Certainly Hollywood experiences its much anticipated, yet seemingly nominal setbacks at the box office (following the U.S.’s involvement in WWII), but by 1943, Hollywood is undoubtedly recognized as “the worlds cinema.” This is courtesy of Humphrey Bogart, Casablanca, and most of … A thesis submitted for the degree of Doctor of Philosophy at The University of Queensland in 2015 School of Political Science and International Relations The American film industry became a cultural and business powerhouse during World War I. These it was decided might cause the picture to be regarded as a message for peace and therefore helpful to present communist designs." The resulting creative stagnation, combined with financial difficulties, contributed significantly to the demise of the studio system, although, paradoxically, the actions that the studios took between 1952 and 1965, including the practice of blacklisting, can be viewed as an attempt to halt the industry’s decline. During the war, Hollywood was a major source of American patriotism by generating propaganda, documentaries, educational pictures, and general awareness of wartime need. All told, about 250 directors, writers, and actors were black listed. For preceding Americans, clothing styles, speech patterns, and even moral attitudes and political points of view had been shaped by the movies. Evolution and Crisis: Development of Film Industry in Yugoslavia after World War II Oleg Parenta BA (Hons.) In 1948, the United States Supreme Court handed down its decision in the Paramount case, which had been working its ways through the courts for almost a decade. HUAC first went to Hollywood in 1947. This made film an important means of distributing propaganda. The goal of this was to make Americans hate the enemy so much that they were willing to do anything to help the Two decades later, nine homes in every ten had at least one TV set. The studios, afraid to antagonize already shrinking audiences, then initiated an unofficial policy of blacklisting, refusing to employ any person even suspected of having communist associations. Instead of depending on spectacle and special effects to create excitement, the new lower-budget films tried to develop thought-provoking or perverse stories reflecting the psychological and social problems besetting returning war veterans and others adapting to postwar life. They seemed to confirm HUAC's position that Communists were everywhere, that subversives lurked in every shadow. From the first it tended to see subversive Communists everywhere at work in American society. The next year, Otto Preminger's sex comedy The Moon Is Blue became the first major American film to be released without the code's seal. Again, those who refused to name names found themselves unemployed and unemployable. Within just seven years, attendance and box receipts fell to half their 1946 levels. By signing up for this email, you are agreeing to news, offers, and information from Encyclopaedia Britannica. Asked if they were Communists, the "Hollywood Ten" refused to answer questions about their political beliefs. Be on the lookout for your Britannica newsletter to get trusted stories delivered right to your inbox. The court's decree called for the major studios to divest themselves of their theater chains. Robert Mitchum and Virginia Huston in Jacques Tourneur's. One result of the Paramount decision and the end of the monopoly of film making by the majors was an increase in independent productions. The landmark case overturned an effort by censors in New York State to ban Roberto Rosselini's film The Miracle on grounds of sacrilege. Most were second-rate movies starring third-rate actors. HUAC went back to Hollywood in 1951. Young American soldiers, sailors, and airmen came of age during the war, and so did Hollywood. The film industry changed radically after World War II, and this change altered the style and content of the films made in Hollywood. When World War II ended, the American film industry seemed to be in an ideal position. Furthermore, from 1942 through 1945, Hollywood had experienced the most stable and lucrative three years in its history, and in 1946, when two-thirds of the American population went to the movies at least once a week, the studios earned record-breaking profits. The new medium reached audiences far larger than those attracted by motion pictures, and it projected images right into family's living rooms. Twice during this period HUAC traveled to Hollywood to investigate Communist infiltration in the film industry. May 8 is the anniversary of V-E Day, the day that Germany unconditionally surrendered in 1945 to end World War II in Europe. The Soviet film industry suffered during the period after World War II. The University of Queensland's institutional repository, UQ eSpace, aims to create global visibility and accessibility of UQ’s scholarly research. Highlight all Match case. Even today, 75 years after the end of World War II, ... No one gave a thought to film rights at a time when the German film industry was shattered. In 1949, Vittorio de Sica's The Bicycle Thief became the first film to be successfully exhibited without a seal of approval. The years immediately following the end of World War II led to some phenomenal changes in film. The American film industry’s various problems and the nation’s general postwar disillusionment generated several new film types in the late 1940s. What new system came about after 1968 to regulate content in film? In the immediate post-World War II period, the U.S. government assisted film export through Commerce Department initiatives and diplomatic pressures because it saw American films as: effective propaganda for American democracy Another one of the changes during the war involved fashion. The film companies had high profiles, glamour, undervalued stock, strategically located real estate, and film libraries which television networks desperately needed. Like all other American industries, the film industry responded to World War II with increased productivity, creating a new wave of wartime pictures. The Hollywood film industry of 1950 was threatened on several different fronts. With this decision, the industry the moguls built--the vertically integrated studio--died. Families with babies tended to listen to the radio rather than go to the movies; college students placed studying before seeing the latest film; and newlyweds purchasing homes, automobiles, appliances, and other commodities had less money to spend on movies. Film content was next influenced strongly by the fear of communism that pervaded the United States during the late 1940s and early ’50s. After experiencing boom years from 1939 to 1946, the film industry began a long period of decline. The Paramount anti-trust consent decree requiring separate ownership for production companies and theater chains had gone into effect on 1 January 1950. When World War II ended, the American film industry seemed to be in an ideal position. The film industry during World War II was an important source of communication to the people on all sides. Even though the film was condemned by the Legion of Decency for its use of the words "virgin" and "pregnant," efforts to boycott the film fizzled and the film proved to be a box office success. In addition to commercial features, several Hollywood directors produced documentaries for government and military agencies. Digital
Still the American film industry held off attempts by the … Part of the reason was external to the industry. If the loss of foreign revenues shook the financial foundation of the industry, the end of block booking (a practice whereby the exhibitor is forced to take all of a company's pictures to get any of that company's pictures) shattered the weakened buttress. Hundreds of people were fired from the industry, and many creative artists were never able to work in Hollywood again. But in an effort to nurture their own film industries and prevent an excessive outflow of dollars, Britain, France, and Italy imposed stiff import tariffs and restrictive quotas on imported American movies. The most common propaganda theme used in the films made during WWII was the nature of the enemy. Then an antitrust ruling separated the studios from their theater chains. Anticommunist “witch-hunts” began in Hollywood in 1947 when the House Un-American Activities Committee (HUAC) decided to investigate communist influence in movies. Internal troubles also contributed to Hollywood's decline. The battles for unionization, the support of radical political candidates, the backing of the New Deal, the growing demand for films against the Nazis, and the hue and cry by the progressives to attack America's isolationist policies only intensified the problems Hollywood faced with right wingers and conservatives in the years before World War II. Full-scale mobilization had ended the Depression domestically, and victory had opened vast, unchallenged markets in the war-torn economies of western Europe and Japan. Meanwhile, Hollywood's foreign market began to vanish. The film industry changed radically after World War II, and this change altered the style and content of the films made in Hollywood. world war ii and aftermath World War II brought the War Information Office, a collaboration between the US government and Hollywood that produced not only newsreels that functioned as propaganda for the Allied effort, but also a variety of fiction and nonfiction films that portrayed the Axis powers as monstrous while overlooking entirely the economic origins of the war. In comparison to television, radio was a much more affordable form of entertainment. Hollywood also suffered from Congressional probes of communist influence in the film industry. In the politically charged late 1940s, however, their rights were not protected. Fear that a motion picture dealing with the life of Hiawatha might be regarded as communist propaganda led Monogram Studio to shelve the project. Large numbers of young men and women were marrying, having children, and moving to the suburbs, which affected the viability of downtown first-run movie theaters. In the late 1930s, the House of Representatives established the Un-American Activities Committee (HUAC) to combat subversive right-wing and left-wing movements. The studios reduced production, sold off back lots, and made an increasing number of pictures in Europe, where costs were lower. Of all the changes – legal, technological, subject matter – what do you think made the most lasting change? Accused from some quarters of disloyalty, the exhibition industry publicised its support for the war, running photos and stories of industry figures who had volunteered, and claiming that screening many Hollywood war movies, which in fact had been acquired automatically under block-booking arrangements with American studios, was their contribution to maintaining support for the war. As The New York Times explained: "It was Hiawatha's efforts as a peacemaker among warring Indian tribes that gave Monogram particular concern. Judas goats, they'll lead the others to slaughter for you.". 1946 marked the end of World War II, therefore soldiers had come home from battle, the United States rejoiced as they recalled their countless military exploits and families began to emerge. Following the declaration of war on Japan, the government created a Bureau of Motion Picture Affairs to coordinate the production of entertainment features with patriotic, morale-boosting themes and messages about the “American way of life,” the nature of the enemy and the allies, civilian responsibility on the home front, and the fighting forces themselves. The industry was more severely weakened in 1948, when a federal antitrust suit against the five major and three minor studios ended in the “Paramount decrees,” which forced the studios to divest themselves of their theatre chains and mandated competition in the exhibition sector for the first time in 30 years. An avid advocate of the cinema, Hitler was an early fan of Fritz Lang’s, especially Metropolis, his … Full-scale mobilization had ended the Depression domestically, and victory had opened vast, unchallenged markets in the war-torn economies of western Europe and Japan. The HUAC hearings also convinced Hollywood producers to make 50 strongly anticommunist films between 1947 and 1954. That evening the members of the Association of Motion Picture Producers, which included the leading studio heads, published what became known as the Waldorf Declaration, in which they fired the members of the Hollywood Ten and expressed their support of HUAC. All these activities took a toll on box office receipts. In 1966, the film industry abandoned the Production Code, replacing it with a film rating system which is still in force. Its history was less than distinguished. Television broadcasting was rapidly becoming the dominant entertainment medium in the United States. It is ironic that at the same time that HUAC was conducting its investigations of communist subversion, moral censorship of the movies began to decline. Slocum, David J. With this desire of both the head of the Ministry of Propaganda and the Fuhrer, films became an intricate part of the Nazi campaign to gain control throughout Germany. Doherty gives a background on the movie industry pre-Code which helps me understand just how much the code was taking away and censoring after it was put into place. Of the radicals, some talked but most didn't. Ring in the new year with a Britannica Membership, The war years and post-World War II trends, The youth cult and other trends of the late 1960s. In 1948, writer Lillian Hellman denounced the industry's moral cowardice in scathing terms: "Naturally, men scared to make pictures about the American Negro, men who only in the last year allowed the word Jew to be spoken in a picture, who took more than ten years to make an anti-fascist picture, these are frightened men and you pick frightened men to frighten first. At this time the cinema was the most popular form of entertainment to the people. Yet despite a host of innovations and gimmicks--including 3-D, Cinerama, stereophonic sound, and cinemascope--attendance continued to fall. “Cinema and the Civilizing Process: Rethinking Violence in the World War II Combat Film… To cooperate with HUAC entailed "naming names"--that is, informing on one's friends and political acquaintances. For post-World War II Americans, television largely took the movies' place as a dominant cultural influence. Many veterans returning from World War II got married, started families, attended college on the GI Bill, and bought homes in the suburbs. Changes in the film industry after World War II. The film … Film industry support for US government actions during World War II surpassed anything Hollywood had done during 1917 and 1918. However, Hollywood film production rebounded and reached its profitable peak of efficiency during the years 1943 to 1946 - a full decade and more after the rise of sound film production, now that the technical challenges of the early 30s sound era were far behind. Next. As Ring Lardner, Jr., one of the ten, said, "I could answer...but if I did, I would hate myself in the morning." During the War, dresses became shorter and vests and cuffs disappeared, as did double breasted suits, pleats and ruffles. Identify three ways the film industry tried to regain audiences in the postwar period. As one film historian has commented, the communists in these films even looked alike; most were "apt to be exceptionally haggard or disgracefully pudgy," and there was certainly "something terribly wrong with a woman if her slip straps showed through her blouse." Find: Previous. Throughout the films stereotypes of Nazis and Japanese were used to spread racism and hatred for the enemy. Within just seven years, attendance and box receipts fell to half their 1946 levels. Yet French film could still attempt great things, as a World War I epic soon proved. Why did American film attendance fall after World War II? From war-torn romances to bloody battles, these are the best films that depict the horrors of World War 2—and the humanity at the center of the conflicts Throughout the blacklisting era, filmmakers refrained from making any but the most conservative motion pictures; controversial topics or new ideas were carefully avoided. This time it called hundreds of witnesses from both the political right and the political left. The films assured Americans that Communists were thoroughly bad people--they didn't have children, they exhaled cigarette smoke too slowly, they murdered their "friends," and they went berserk when arrested. During the late 1940s and early 1950s HUAC picked up the tempo of its investigation, which it conducted in well-publicized sessions. Film making had become a real crap shoot. They believed that the First Amendment protected them. Hollywood's founding generation--Harry Cohn, Samuel Goldwyn Louis B. Mayer, Darryl Zanuck--retired or were forced out as new corporate owners, lacking movie experience, took over. In short, they were perfect targets for corporate takeovers. After experiencing boom years from 1939 to 1946, the film industry began a long period of decline. / / ×. Filmwas a powerful force which unified the nations. The industrial course toward consolidation set before 1914 and innovative film style later named Classical Hollywood Cinema made the movies intrinsic to American popular culture. Then, too, especially after 1950, television challenged and surpassed the movies ' place as dominant. Politically controversial films the moguls built -- the vertically integrated studio -- died distributing.. With this decision, the American film film industry after world war 2 abandoned the production Code, replacing it a. The life of Hiawatha might be regarded as communist propaganda led Monogram studio to shelve the project and blacklisted led! 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